Wednesday, August 6, 2025

What Is Community Topology? Varieties, Diagrams, and Advantages

Consider a metropolis’s transportation system; Roads, highways, and prepare strains working collectively to maintain issues transferring. Now, think about one key route shutting down. Deliveries are delayed. Commuters are caught. The system clogs.

The identical disruption occurs when a enterprise community is poorly structured.
As organizations develop extra depending on digital techniques, the steadiness and structure of their networks matter greater than ever. For IT groups and system directors, understanding community topology is crucial to sustaining management, efficiency, and uptime.

However what precisely is community topology? How does it impression operations? And the way can it’s used to construct together with community administration instruments a extra environment friendly and resilient community?

Understanding topology is foundational to constructing environment friendly, fault-tolerant networks. It helps community admins strategically place routers, switches, and endpoints to optimize velocity, cut back latency, and stop bottlenecks.

There are two teams within the community topology.

  • Bodily: The bodily community topology refers back to the connections (wires, cables, and many others.) of the community’s building. The bodily community is anxious with setup, upkeep, and deployment.
  • Logical: The logical community topology is an overarching understanding of the community building, together with which nodes are linked and the way knowledge is transmitted throughout the community. The topology of a logical community consists of bodily, digital, and cloud parts.

TL;DR: Community topology necessities you might want to know

  • What it’s: Community topology defines how nodes and connections are organized bodily and logically.
  • The way it helps IT groups: Mapping your community boosts planning, safety, and efficiency, scalability, and fault tolerance.
  • What is the distinction between bodily and logical community topology: Bodily vs logical topology explains the {hardware} structure vs knowledge movement paths.
  • What are the sorts of community topology: Star, ring, bus, tree, mesh, and hybrid are the six core sorts of topology, every with distinct benefits. The selection of topology impacts efficiency, fault tolerance, scalability, and safety. 
  • The place community topology is used: Community topology is used throughout LANs, WANs, enterprise infrastructures, knowledge facilities, and cloud-based techniques to construction communication movement.
  • Choosing the proper topology: The very best community topology to your group relies on dimension, finances, scalability wants, technical targets, and safety priorities.

Why is community topology necessary?

Community topology is essential as a result of it defines the construction and structure of a community, impacting its efficiency, reliability, and scalability. Here is why it is so necessary:

  • Efficiency and effectivity: The way in which gadgets are linked in a community can affect knowledge movement velocity and effectivity. For instance, in a star topology, knowledge flows from a central node, making certain faster communication between gadgets. In distinction, a bus topology may decelerate as extra gadgets be a part of the community.
  • Reliability: Completely different topologies supply various ranges of fault tolerance. For instance, a mesh topology, the place gadgets are interconnected, ensures that if one hyperlink fails, others can nonetheless keep the community’s operation. However, a bus topology may expertise a whole community shutdown if the primary cable fails.
  • Scalability: As companies develop, so does the necessity for a scalable community. Some topologies, like tree or hybrid topologies, permit straightforward growth by including new gadgets or sub-networks with out vital disruptions.
  • Price and complexity: The selection of topology impacts each setup and upkeep prices. A bus or ring topology is usually cheaper to implement, whereas a mesh topology may require extra cabling and better setup prices, however can present better redundancy and reliability.
  • Troubleshooting and administration: The topology impacts how straightforward it’s to isolate issues. In easier topologies, it is simpler to pinpoint and repair points, whereas extra complicated ones may require superior instruments to establish faults and bottlenecks.
  • Safety: The community topology may also affect safety. In a extra decentralized topology, similar to a mesh, it’s tougher for an attacker to disrupt your entire community, whereas in centralized ones, compromising the central node may result in broader community vulnerabilities.

Understanding the best topology to your community helps optimize efficiency, cut back downtime, and plan for future progress.

What are the sorts of community topology?

Constructing a neighborhood space community (LAN) topology could make or break a enterprise. No matter your community’s scope and targets, you’ll be able to select from varied community topologies, every with benefits and downsides. Listed below are the most important sorts of community topology with diagrams. 

Types of Network topology

Kind of topology Execs Cons
Level-to-point topology Easy and dependable Restricted scalability
Star topology Centralized management, fault isolation  Central hub failure danger
Ring topology Predictable knowledge movement, straightforward error detection A break within the loop disrupts the movement
Mesh topology Redundant, dependable Expensive and complicated
Bus topology Cheap, easy Fragile, low scalability
Tree topology Scalable, hierarchical Root node dependence
Hybrid topology Extremely versatile Advanced to handle

1. Level-to-point topology

In a point-to-point topology, two gadgets are immediately linked to one another. This is likely one of the easiest community topologies, usually used for direct communication between two areas or gadgets.

Execs of point-to-point topology

  • Easy and dependable: Excellent for small-scale networks or direct connections between two gadgets, making certain simple setup and operation.
  • Low price: Minimal {hardware} and infrastructure are required, making it cost-effective.
  • Devoted communication: Offers a safe and devoted connection between two gadgets or areas.

Cons of point-to-point topology

  • Restricted scalability: Solely helps a direct connection between two gadgets, so it’s not appropriate for increasing to bigger networks.
  • No redundancy: If the connection or one system fails, the communication is totally disrupted.
  • No help for complexity: Doesn’t permit for extra complicated networking or system interconnection, making it unsuitable for bigger or extra dynamic networks.

Use case: A small enterprise with two workplaces in numerous areas may use a point-to-point connection to immediately hyperlink each areas by way of a leased line or a devoted VPN. This enables safe, low-latency communication between the 2 workplaces with out the necessity for a extra complicated community infrastructure.

2. Star topology

In a star topology, all nodes (computer systems, printers, IoT gadgets, and many others.) connect with a central hub or change, which acts because the community’s “mind.” Each node is immediately linked to the hub by way of coaxial, twisted-pair, or fiber-optic cable.  This hub controls communication between gadgets and is usually a managed change or router that amplifies and regenerates alerts, making certain clean knowledge transmission.

Star topology is probably the most generally used community topology.

Execs of star topology:

  • Simple to put in, handle, and develop: Including or eradicating gadgets might be achieved with out vital disruption.
  • Particular person node failures don’t convey down the community:The failure of 1 system gained’t impression the others.
  • Excessive efficiency below light-to-moderate visitors: Nice for smaller workplaces with reasonable visitors wants.

Cons of star topology: 

  • Single level of failure: If the central hub fails, your entire community goes down.
  • Efficiency bottlenecks: If the hub is overloaded or underpowered, the community might expertise slowdowns.

Use case: For companies that want centralized management and dependable community administration, a star topology works nicely. For instance, an workplace with departments like HR, Advertising and marketing, and IT can use star topology to maintain gadgets linked by way of a central hub, permitting straightforward community administration and fault isolation.

3. Ring topology

Nodes in ring topology are arrange in a circle (or a hoop). The information can transfer via the ring community in both route since every system has precisely two neighbors. Every system acts as a repeater, passing the information alongside the ring.

Execs of ring topology:

  • Predictable knowledge pathways: Scale back collisions and guarantee clean knowledge switch.
  • Simpler to isolate faults: Because the community is a closed loop, figuring out a malfunctioning system is extra simple.
  • Easy structure: Requires fewer cables than extra complicated topologies, making it simpler to deploy.

Cons of ring topology:

  • Single level of failure: If a single node fails, it disrupts your entire community, though dual-ring topologies can mitigate this.
  • Modifying the community requires downtime: Including or eradicating gadgets necessitates taking the community offline, which might be labor-intensive.
  • Slower knowledge switch: Knowledge switch might be slower in comparison with star or mesh topologies, particularly in bigger setups.

Use case: Ring topology is right for environments with predictable visitors, similar to a small workplace or lab, the place restricted growth is required and the community’s reliability and efficiency are extra predictable.

4. Mesh topology 

A mesh community is a posh construction comprising point-to-point connections the place the nodes meet. Mesh networks might be both full or partial. In partial mesh, the nodes solely have two or three connections, whereas in a whole mesh topology, all nodes are interconnected.

Mesh topologies seem like an internet; they’ve two methods to ship knowledge: routing and flooding. When knowledge is routed, the nodes use logic to search out the shortest path from the supply to the vacation spot. When knowledge is flooded, the knowledge is distributed to all nodes within the community with out utilizing logic for routing.

Execs of mesh topology:

  • Exceptionally resilient: If one hyperlink fails, knowledge might be rerouted via alternate paths.
  • Excessive fault tolerance and redundancy: A number of paths make sure the community stays useful even in case of failures.
  • Quick and safe knowledge transmission paths: Offers low-latency, safe knowledge transmission, best for delicate or high-traffic environments.

Cons of mesh topology: 

  • Advanced set up and configuration: Setting up a full mesh community is intricate and requires superior planning.
  • Administration overhead: Because the community grows, managing and sustaining it turns into more and more complicated.

Use case: Mesh topologies are perfect for mission-critical environments, like knowledge facilities or monetary establishments, the place uptime and redundancy are important for steady operations.

5. Bus topology

In a bus topology, all of the gadgets on a community are arrange alongside a single cable that runs from one finish of the community to the opposite. That is usually known as a “line topology” or “spine topology”. The route of knowledge movement on the community is identical because the route of the cable.

Execs of bus topology:

  • Low setup price: Minimal cabling makes it cheap to put in.
  • Simple to increase: Including new gadgets requires easy connections to the spine cable.
  • Effectively-suited for small, non permanent networks: Good for environments that want a fast, cost-effective answer.

Cons of bus topology: 

  • Restricted scalability: As extra gadgets are added, efficiency degrades.
  • Single level of failure: A failure within the spine cable disrupts your entire community.
  • Poor fault tolerance: Figuring out and fixing issues might be time-consuming and complicated because the community grows.

Use case: Bus topology is well-suited for small networks, similar to non permanent workplace setups, the place finances constraints make it a pretty choice for minimal infrastructure.

6. Tree topology 

Because the title suggests, the core node serves as a community trunk in a tree topology, and different nodes radiate outward in a branch-like sample. The tree topology is a mix of each the bus and star topologies. A tree topology incorporates a parent-child association with its nodes. Two linked nodes solely share one mutual connection as a result of those hooked up to the central hub are linked linearly to different nodes. 

Broad space networks incessantly make use of the tree topology construction to accommodate quite a few dispersed gadgets.

Execs of tree topology: 

  • Scalable and straightforward to handle: New branches might be added with out vital disruption to the community.
  • Excellent for hierarchical networks: Nice for giant organizations with a number of departments or branches.
  • Simple to troubleshoot: Points might be remoted to particular branches or segments for sooner decision.

Cons of tree topology: 

  • Spine failure: If the central spine fails, it will probably sever connections between a number of branches.
  • Greater prices: The hierarchical construction will increase complexity and value, particularly because the community scales.
  • Reconfiguration challenges: The community’s construction could make it troublesome to reconfigure or change as enterprise wants evolve.

Use case: Giant organizations with departmental segmentation, like universities or company workplaces, can use tree topology to arrange community visitors and guarantee environment friendly communication throughout completely different branches.

7. Hybrid community topologies 

Hybrid topologies combine two or extra completely different topological buildings. For instance, the tree topology combines the bus and star patterns. Hybrid architectures are hottest in organizations the place every division has a community topology based on its calls for and community consumption.

The basic good thing about hybrid architectures is their flexibility, as there are few community building limits {that a} hybrid configuration can not help.

Execs of hybrid community topology:

  • Extraordinarily versatile and customizable: Could be tailor-made to satisfy particular enterprise necessities.
  • Helps progress and evolving know-how stacks: Because the enterprise scales, the community can adapt.
  • Combines strengths of a number of topologies: Companies can leverage the reliability of 1 topology whereas using the scalability of one other.

Cons of hybrid community topology:

  • Design and upkeep complexity: Managing a hybrid community might be intricate and requires expert IT employees.
  • Greater setup and operational prices: As a result of complexity and integration of a number of topologies.
  • Requires expert IT employees: Ongoing monitoring and upkeep can demand superior experience.

Mapping community topologies: create your community topology diagram step-by-step

Topology diagrams are useful if you’re starting to design a community. They allow you to observe how the knowledge will journey, permitting you to forecast doable bottlenecks. Visible illustration facilitates the creation of an environment friendly community design whereas additionally serving as a useful reference level for troubleshooting.

A topology diagram teaches you about your personal community’s operation. It might probably make it easier to see which tools or nodes require monitoring, updating, or substitute.

Network topology diagram

Instance of real-time community mapping and stock
Picture supply:
Auvik

create your community topology diagram step-by-step

  • Begin with an inventory of gadgets: Start by cataloging all of the gadgets in your community, together with routers, firewalls, servers, switches, and different important {hardware}.
  • Decide the community topology: Select the topology that most closely fits your wants (e.g., star, mesh, bus, and many others.). This can information you as you map out the connections between gadgets.
  • Place gadgets correctly: Guarantee gadgets are positioned in areas that optimize knowledge movement and cut back pointless latency. Group gadgets in a method that displays how they work together with each other.
  • Draw the connections: When you’ve organized your gadgets, draw strains to signify the connections between them. These strains present how gadgets are linked, both via bodily cables or digital connections. It’s important to make sure that the gadgets are positioned within the areas that take advantage of sense for knowledge alternate, after which strains might be drawn from the community gadgets. These lines signify the connections between the community nodes. 

After making a preliminary sketch of the general enter, we will use diagramming instruments to assist visualize it. The software program might embody a template for a community diagram. 

Ideas for a transparent and efficient community topology diagram

  • Preserve it easy: Keep away from litter by limiting the variety of strains crossing one another. Too many intersecting strains could make the diagram complicated.
  • Plan for scalability: Assume forward to make sure your diagram can simply accommodate future community progress or adjustments. This flexibility will prevent effort and time down the highway.
  • Label your nodes clearly: Think about color-coding connections for added readability.

9 methods to regulate community topology

Understanding the fundamentals of community topology is essential. However as soon as you’ve got chosen the best topology for your online business, the subsequent step is to actively handle it. Let’s discover how you can management your community topology to make sure long-term efficiency and scalability.

1. Use of community design instruments

  • Community mapping software program: Instruments like SolarWinds Community Topology Mapper, Microsoft Visio, or Lucidchart assist you to design, map, and visualize your community topology earlier than implementation. These instruments allow you to mannequin completely different topologies to see which most closely fits your group’s wants.
  • Automation instruments: Community design and administration software program may also assist automate the invention of community gadgets and connections, making it simpler to handle and regulate your community topology as wanted.

2. Bodily structure and tools placement

  • Strategic system placement: The bodily structure of your community gadgets performs a big position in defining your topology. For example, in a star topology, making certain that gadgets are positioned close to the central hub or change helps keep optimum efficiency.
  • Tools selections: The kind of community gadgets you select (e.g., routers, switches, firewalls) may also affect your topology. For instance, utilizing high-performance routers and switches in a mesh topology will guarantee redundancy and reliability.

3. Community protocols and configuration

  • Protocol choice: The selection of community protocols (e.g., IP, Ethernet, MPLS) influences the conduct of your topology. For instance, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) in Ethernet networks helps management knowledge movement and stop loops in star or mesh topologies.
  • Community routing protocols: Utilizing routing protocols like OSPF, BGP, or RIP may also help handle the movement of knowledge between gadgets in additional complicated topologies like mesh or tree, and permit for dynamic changes to the community.

4. Community segmentation and VLANs

  • Segmentation: Dividing the community into smaller segments (by way of subnets) or Digital Native Space Networks (VLANs) may also help management how visitors flows in your community. That is notably helpful in tree topologies, the place segmentation can enhance efficiency and safety by isolating visitors between completely different branches of the community.
  • Visitors management: By implementing High quality of Service (QoS) insurance policies, you’ll be able to handle community visitors primarily based on precedence, making certain that essential purposes obtain adequate bandwidth even in complicated topologies like mesh.

5. Redundancy and fault tolerance

  • Backup hyperlinks: In topologies like mesh or star, incorporating backup hyperlinks between nodes ensures that knowledge might be rerouted if a major connection fails. Implementing twin hyperlinks or hyperlink aggregation will increase reliability and fault tolerance.
  • Load balancing: Distributing visitors throughout a number of paths (widespread in mesh topologies) may also help enhance efficiency and be sure that no single system or connection turns into overloaded.

6. Monitoring and administration

  • Community monitoring instruments: Tools like Nagios, Zabbix, or PRTG can repeatedly monitor your community, offering real-time insights into the efficiency and well being of every node. This helps you establish points like congestion, system failures, or safety threats that will have an effect on your topology.
  • SNMP: Easy Community Administration Protocol (SNMP) is used to observe gadgets in a community and may also help handle and management topologies by monitoring system standing and efficiency, making it simpler to regulate the community as wanted.

7. Community virtualization

  • Software program-defined networking (SDN): SDN permits community directors to programmatically management visitors movement and topology configurations via software program. This may be notably helpful in hybrid or cloud-based networks, the place conventional bodily layouts are changed by virtualized assets.
  • Community operate virtualization (NFV): NFV decouples community capabilities (like routing, load balancing, or safety) from bodily {hardware}, offering flexibility in controlling community topologies. It permits for straightforward adjustments and scaling with out altering the bodily community structure.

8. Safety issues

  • Firewalls and entry management lists (ACLs): These can be utilized to regulate knowledge movement between completely different segments of your community topology. For instance, in a star topology, configuring safety insurance policies on the central hub may also help shield your entire community. 

9. Handbook changes and optimization

  • Handbook reconfiguration: In some instances, community topology might should be manually adjusted. For instance, when including new nodes or gadgets, chances are you’ll want to change the topology diagram and regulate configurations to accommodate new gadgets or workloads.
  • Efficiency tuning: Optimizing the topology for efficiency entails adjusting the community design primarily based on visitors patterns and efficiency metrics. This might embody reconfiguring switches, routers, and even adjusting routing tables to cut back latency or congestion.

What are the advantages of mapping community topology?

A well-defined community topology makes it simpler for community directors to reinforce planning, troubleshoot points, strengthen safety, and allocate community assets.

  • Improved planning: Community topology affords a radical perception into utilization patterns for all community parts. You possibly can add or delete further belongings primarily based on whether or not particular belongings are used an excessive amount of or too little.
  • Visibility for troubleshooting: Customers can perceive their networks by mapping the bodily and logical networks. A bodily community map shows connections between tools, together with cables, servers, racks, and routers. A logical community exhibits knowledge movement factors similar to switches, routers, firewalls, and gateways. This aids in precisely pinpointing the placement of the issue by serving to customers visualize the bodily and logical parts of their community structure.
  • Streamlining safety enhancement: Actual-time community mapping permits customers to find misguided or suspicious connections and block them from the community.

What are the challenges of community mapping?

With all its advantages, creating and sustaining community maps is not so simple as it appears. It entails labor-intensive guide work, ongoing community probing, and common standing experiences.  Companies usually face hurdles whereas creating efficient community topology maps.

How to decide on one of the best community topology

Choosing the proper community topology is essential for optimizing community efficiency, reliability, and scalability. The only option relies on varied components similar to the scale of your community, the extent of efficiency required, and finances constraints. Listed below are key issues that can assist you determine on probably the most appropriate topology to your wants:

Perceive your community’s dimension and scope

  • Small networks: For small companies or house workplaces with a restricted variety of gadgets, easy topologies like bus or star are sometimes adequate. These are cost-effective and straightforward to handle, offering the mandatory connectivity for primary operations.
  • Giant networks: For bigger organizations with a number of areas, mesh or tree topologies present better scalability, fault tolerance, and community effectivity. These are perfect for complicated, distributed networks the place redundancy and uptime are essential.

Think about efficiency necessities

  • Excessive efficiency and velocity: In case your community must deal with excessive visitors or massive quantities of knowledge with minimal latency (similar to in knowledge facilities or cloud companies), a mesh or star topology is usually the only option. These configurations permit for sooner knowledge switch and might be designed with redundancy to cut back congestion.
  • Fundamental efficiency: For much less demanding purposes like small workplaces or house networks, bus or ring topologies are adequate. They will help primary communication wants however might begin to wrestle below heavy masses.

Consider fault tolerance and redundancy wants

  • Excessive fault tolerance: In case your community can not afford downtime (e.g., for monetary establishments or medical facilities), a mesh topology is right. It affords a number of paths for knowledge transmission, so if one hyperlink fails, the community can reroute visitors via one other path.
  • Average fault tolerance: For much less essential environments, star or tree topologies supply acceptable redundancy, as gadgets are nonetheless linked to a central hub. Nonetheless, if the central hub fails, your entire community could also be affected.

Scalability and future progress

  • Expandable networks: When you count on your community to develop sooner or later, select a topology that helps straightforward growth. Star, tree, and hybrid topologies are extremely scalable and might be expanded with minimal disruption.
  • Mounted or restricted progress: For networks that may stay small or want little growth, bus or ring topologies might suffice, as they’re simpler to implement however tougher to develop with out impacting efficiency.

Price range issues

  • Price-effective: Easy topologies like bus or ring are usually the least costly to put in and keep. When you’re working inside a good finances, these choices present primary performance at a low price.
  • Greater finances for reliability: If your finances permits for a better upfront funding, mesh or tree topologies can present higher long-term reliability, efficiency, and scalability, particularly for bigger networks.

Community administration and upkeep

  • Simple administration: Star topologies are usually the simplest to handle and troubleshoot as a result of they’ve a central hub that screens your entire community. Tree topologies can be manageable as a result of they’re hierarchical, which makes it straightforward to pinpoint points in particular branches.
  • Advanced networks: If you might want to handle a extra complicated community with a number of websites or excessive availability, a mesh or hybrid topology could also be applicable, however they arrive with the tradeoff of extra complicated administration and upkeep.

Safety Concerns

  • Safe community design: Topologies like mesh and hybrid might be safer as a result of they’ve a number of paths for knowledge, which may also help stop a single level of failure. Moreover, mesh networks are tougher to compromise due to their redundant connections.
  • Easier safety: Star and ring topologies are easier however might have a single level of failure, particularly within the central hub or connection. Think about further safety measures to guard your central hubs or connections.

Environmental factors

  • Bodily constraints: In case your community should cowl a big bodily space (e.g., a multi-floor workplace constructing or a number of campuses), tree or hybrid topologies may work higher as a result of they’ll span extensive distances with minimal knowledge loss.
  • Geographic distribution: For networks that span a number of areas or require excessive redundancy over a large space, mesh or hybrid topologies might be advantageous on account of their versatile, strong construction.

Community topology instruments and software program

The necessity to spend money on community administration instruments with visualization options is rising as an increasing number of community gadgets are added to an organization’s belongings. Completely different instruments can be found, like setup and administration instruments, community efficiency software program, and community mapping software program.

For example, community configuration software program automates repetitive actions. This tech can robotically uncover community nodes, spotlight dangers, and incessantly contribute to creating complicated community topologies.

Relying on particular firm goals, discovering extra simple software program is perhaps difficult, given the abundance of such options in the marketplace. Under is the record of top-notch community administration software program. 

Prime community administration software program:

*Above are the main community administration software program options from G2’s Summer time 2025 Grid® Report.

Click to chat with G2's Monty-AI

Often requested questions (FAQ) on community topology

1. Which community topology is probably the most environment friendly?

Mesh community topology is usually thought-about probably the most dependable and fault-tolerant, however it may be costly and complicated. For smaller networks, a star topology is cost-effective and straightforward to handle.

2. What’s the commonest community topology?

The star topology is the most typical community topology at the moment, particularly in house and enterprise environments. On this setup, all gadgets connect with a central hub or change. It is easy to put in, handle, and scale, and if one system fails, it doesn’t have an effect on the remainder of the community.

3. How do I create a community topology diagram?

You need to use community topology mapper instruments or software program to generate diagrams. In style choices embody SolarWinds, Microsoft Visio, and open-source instruments like Dia and Draw.io.

4. What’s a community topology mapper?

A community topology mapper is a software or software program that robotically scans your community and creates a real-time topology map. It helps IT groups monitor and handle their community structure effectively.

5. How do I select the best community topology for my enterprise?

Think about components like community dimension, finances, scalability, fault tolerance, and administration complexity.

For instance:

  • Small workplaces: Star topology
  • Giant enterprises: Hybrid or mesh topology
  • Momentary setups: Bus topology

6. Is there free community topology software program obtainable?

Sure, instruments like Cisco Packet Tracer, GNS3, Draw.io, and Netdisco supply free choices for creating and analyzing community topologies.

Your community is your internet value

Your community topology maps should be carefully aligned with the consumption wants of your community as an organization. Configuration administration, visible mapping, and normal efficiency monitoring are important parts of topology administration. The first objective is knowing your goals to correctly develop and keep your group’s community structure. 

With a well-defined and well-planned community topology, your organization can shortly establish and troubleshoot issues, bettering the effectiveness of knowledge transmission and transport.

Eager about discovering out extra about community topology? Learn the way community topologies make community administration simpler!

This text was initially revealed in 2023. It has been up to date with new info.


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